💻 Generations of Computers
Computers को उनके technology और architecture के आधार पर पाँच generations में divide किया गया है। हर generation में कुछ नया improvement हुआ — जैसे speed, size, और efficiency.
🧮 1st Generation (1940–1956) – Vacuum Tubes
Used vacuum tubes for circuitry
बहुत बड़े और गर्मी पैदा करने वाले machines
Programming language: Machine language
Example: ENIAC, UNIVAC
❌ Slow processing, high electricity consumption
⚙️ 2nd Generation (1956–1963) – Transistors
Used transistors instead of vacuum tubes
Smaller, faster, और ज्यादा reliable
Programming language: Assembly language
Example: IBM 1401
✅ Better performance than 1st generation
💾 3rd Generation (1964–1971) – Integrated Circuits (IC)
Used Integrated Circuits (ICs)
बहुत compact और efficient machines
Programming language: High-level languages (C, BASIC)
Example: IBM 360 series
✅ Multi-tasking और better storage
🧠 4th Generation (1971–Present) – Microprocessors
Used Microprocessors (entire CPU on a chip)
Personal computers का दौर शुरू हुआ
Programming language: C++, Java
Example: Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh
✅ Affordable, portable, and powerful
🤖 5th Generation (Present & Future) – Artificial Intelligence
Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Use of robotics, machine learning, natural language processing
Example: AI-based systems, smart assistants
✅ Human-like decision making, voice recognition
📎 Summary Table
| Generation | Technology Used | Key Features | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Vacuum Tubes | Big, slow, machine language | ENIAC, UNIVAC |
| 2nd | Transistors | Faster, assembly language | IBM 1401 |
| 3rd | Integrated Circuits | Compact, high-level languages | IBM 360 |
| 4th | Microprocessors | Personal computers, GUI | Intel 4004 |
| 5th | AI & Robotics | Smart systems, voice recognition | AI assistants |
